1.1. The Problem of Inferring Authorship from Writing Characteristics The increasing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in academic and professional writing has generated considerable interest in determining whether a document was written by a human, generated by AI, or produced through some form of human–AI collaboration. Such judgments are often made from observable features of the completed text. Highly organized structures, consistent terminology, systematic argumentation, balanced explanations, regular paragraph patterns, explicit qualifications, and clearly formulated conclusions, for example, are sometimes interpreted as indications of LLM generation. ...